Living long by staying small: stem layering as an adaptive life-history trait in shade-tolerant tree seedlings

نویسنده

  • Kerry D. Woods
چکیده

Suppressed seedling banks are important in replacement dynamics in late-successional forests. However, demographic properties of seedling populations are poorly known, and there has been little attention to traits that might affect fitness in suppressed seedlings. Acer saccharum Marsh., a shade-tolerant dominant in eastern North American forests, frequently develops adventitious roots along prostrate portions of stems (‘‘layering’’). Measurements of Acer seedlings in oldgrowth forests in Michigan indicate that layered seedlings proportionally reduce structural allocations to older layered stem tissues, retain leaf area / height ratios of younger unlayered seedlings, and tend to survive longer. In tree seedlings, allometric consequences of normal stem growth lead to declining ratios of photosynthetic to nonphotosynthetic biomass, which potentially reduces shade tolerance and limiting age. The layering habit may defer this penalty by changing the allometry of growth. Resulting increases in life expectancy should increase chance of access to increased light and of reaching the canopy. Thus, because flowering is generally restricted to canopy trees, the tendency to layer may increase fitness. Properties of individuals in suppressed seedling banks may be selectively and ecologically important, shaping life histories and population dynamics. Résumé : Les banques de semis opprimés sont importantes pour la dynamique de remplacement des forêts en fin de succession. Cependant, les propriétés démographiques des populations de semis sont peu connues et peu d’attention a été accordée aux caractéristiques qui pourraient affecter la valeur sélective des semis opprimés. Acer saccharum Marsh., une espèce tolérante à l’ombre qui domine les forêts de l’est de l’Amérique du Nord, produit souvent des racines adventives le long des portions procombantes de la tige (marcottage). Des mesures prises sur des semis d’Acer dans des forêts anciennes du Michigan montrent que les marcottes maintiennent un rapport entre la surface foliaire et la hauteur semblable à celui de plus jeunes semis non issus de marcotte et tendent à survivre plus longtemps. Les mesures indiquent aussi que les marcottes réduisent proportionnellement leur allocation à la structure des plus vieux tissus de la tige des marcottes. Pour les semis d’arbre, les conséquences allométriques de la croissance normale de la tige mènent à une diminution du rapport entre la biomasse photosynthétique et la biomasse non photosynthétique, ce qui réduit peut-être leur tolérance à l’ombre et limite leur probabilité de survie. Le marcottage peut reporter cette pénalité en modifiant l’allométrie de la croissance. L’augmentation de l’espérance de vie des marcottes qui s’ensuit devrait augmenter leurs chances d’accéder à de meilleures conditions de lumière et d’atteindre la canopée. Puisque la floraison est généralement restreinte aux arbres formant la canopée, la tendance à marcotter peut donc augmenter leur la valeur sélective. Les propriétés des individus dans les banques de semis opprimés peuvent être importantes des points de vue de la sélection naturelle et de l’écologie en modelant le cycle biologique et la dynamique des populations. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2008